World Englishes

Back formation - a word that is formed from an existing word, typically by removal of a suffix (e.g. edit from editor ).


Affixations -  the process of inflection or derivation that consists of adding an affix


Compounding -  the process of combining two words to create a new word (commonly a noun, verb, or adjective)


Conversion - the word formation process in which a word of one grammatical form becomes a word of another grammatical form without  any changes to spelling or pronunciation


Norm developing - people in the outer circle countries where English is not the native tongue but it serves as a useful lingua franca between ethnic groups


Norm dependent - relies on the standards set by native speakers in the inner circle e.g. UK, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand


Aboriginal -  the name given to the various kinds of English spoken by Aboriginal people throughout Australia

Varieties of English

Differences between American English and British English:

• Vocabulary. e.g. vacation (American) and holiday (British), bonnet (American) and hood (British)
• Collective nouns. American collective nouns are singular whereas English can be singular or plural. e.g. "The band is good" (American) and "The band are good" (British)
• Auxiliary verbs. e.g. "Shall", "Shall we go now?" (British) and "Should we go now?" (American). "Do not" (American), "Don't" or "Needn't" (British)
• Past Tense Verbs. Americans use both "got" and "gotten" in past participle, whereas English only use "got". e.g. "I have never gotten caught" (American) and "I have never got caught" (British)
• Tag Questions. English use a lot more tag questions than Americans, which turns a declarative into an interrogative. e.g. "It's a nice day, isn't it?"
• Spelling. e.g. "color" (American) and "colour" (British), "center" (American) and "centre" (British), "apologize" (American) and "apologise" (British), "traveled" (American) and "travelled" (British), "maneuver" (American) and "manoeuvre" (British) and "defense" (American) and "defence" (British)

Chicano English:

• Influenced by Spanish - Mexican immigrants went to California and other parts of the south west 
• Phonological features - "sheep" sounds like "ship", the "s" of "present" pronounced like the "c" in "decent", confusion over "ch" and "sh" e.g. "chip" pronounced like "ship" or "shicken" for "chicken"